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Thursday, April 11, 2013
Despite what you may think, your brain is a mathematical genius: How visual system automatically adapts to new environments
Apr. 10, 2013 ? The irony of getting away to a remote place is you usually have to fight traffic to get there. After hours of dodging dangerous drivers, you finally arrive at that quiet mountain retreat, stare at the gentle waters of a pristine lake, and congratulate your tired self on having "turned off your brain."
"Actually, you've just given your brain a whole new challenge," says Thomas D. Albright, director of the Vision Center Laboratory at of the Salk Institute and an expert on how the visual system works. "You may think you're resting, but your brain is automatically assessing the spatio-temporal properties of this novel environment-what objects are in it, are they moving, and if so, how fast are they moving?
The dilemma is that our brains can only dedicate so many neurons to this assessment, says Sergei Gepshtein, a staff scientist in Salk's Vision Center Laboratory. "It's a problem in economy of resources: If the visual system has limited resources, how can it use them most efficiently?"
Albright, Gepshtein and Luis A. Lesmes, a specialist in measuring human performance, a former Salk Institute post-doctoral researcher, now at the Schepens Eye Research Institute, proposed an answer to the question in a recent issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It may reconcile the puzzling contradictions in many previous studies.
Previously, scientists expected that extended exposure to a novel environment would make you better at detecting its subtle details, such as the slow motion of waves on that lake. Yet those who tried to confirm that idea were surprised when their experiments produced contradictory results. "Sometimes people got better at detecting a stimulus, sometimes they got worse, sometimes there was no effect at all, and sometimes people got better, but not for the expected stimulus," says Albright, holder of Salk's Conrad T. Prebys Chair in Vision Research.
The answer, according to Gepshtein, came from asking a new question: What happens when you look at the problem of resource allocation from a system's perspective?
It turns out something's got to give.
"It's as if the brain's on a budget; if it devotes 70 percent here, then it can only devote 30 percent there," says Gepshtein. "When the adaptation happens, if now you're attuned to high speeds, you'll be able to see faster moving things that you couldn't see before, but as a result of allocating resources to that stimulus, you lose sensitivity to other things, which may or may not be familiar."
Summing up, Albright says, "Simply put, it's a tradeoff: The price of getting better at one thing is getting worse at another."
Gepshtein, a computational neuroscientist, analyzes the brain from a theoretician's point of view, and the PNAS paper details the computations the visual system uses to accomplish the adaptation. The computations are similar to the method of signal processing known as Gabor transform, which is used to extract features in both the spatial and temporal domains.
Yes, while you may struggle to balance your checkbook, it turns out your brain is using operations it took a Nobel Laureate to describe. Dennis Gabor won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention and development of holography. But that wasn't his only accomplishment. Like his contemporary Claude Shannon, he worked on some of the most fundamental questions in communications theory, such as how a great deal of information can be compressed into narrow channels.
"Gabor proved that measurements of two fundamental properties of a signal-its location and frequency content-are not independent of one another," says Gepshtein.
The location of a signal is simply that: where is the signal at what point in time. The content-the "what" of a signal-is "written" in the language of frequencies and is a measurement of the amount of variation, such as the different shades of gray in a photograph.
The challenge comes when you're trying to measure both location and frequency, because location is more accurately determined in a short time window, while variation needs a longer time window (imagine how much more accurately you can guess a song the longer it plays).
The obvious answer is that you're stuck with a compromise: You can get a precise measurement of one or the other, but not both. But how can you be sure you've come up with the best possible compromise? Gabor's answer was what's become known as a "Gabor Filter" that helps obtain the most precise measurements possible for both qualities. Our brains employ a similar strategy, says Gepshtein.
"In human vision, stimuli are first encoded by neural cells whose response characteristics, called receptive fields, have different sizes," he explains. "The neural cells that have larger receptive fields are sensitive to lower spatial frequencies than the cells that have smaller receptive fields. For this reason, the operations performed by biological vision can be described by a Gabor wavelet transform."
In essence, the first stages of the visual process act like a filter. "It describes which stimuli get in, and which do not," Gepshtein says. "When you change the environment, the filter changes, so certain stimuli, which were invisible before, become visible, but because you moved the filter, other stimuli, which you may have detected before, no longer get in."
"When you see only small parts of this filter, you find that visual sensitivity sometimes gets better and sometimes worse, creating an apparently paradoxical picture," Gepshtein continues. "But when you see the entire filter, you discover that the pieces -- the gains and losses -- add up to a coherent pattern."
From a psychological point of view, according to Albright, what makes this especially intriguing is that the assessing and adapting is happening automatically-all of this processing happens whether or not you consciously 'pay attention' to the change in scene.
Yet, while the adaptation happens automatically, it does not appear to happen instantaneously. Their current experiments take approximately thirty minutes to conduct, but the scientists believe the adaption may take less time in nature.
The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Gatsby Charitable Foundation.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal References:
- Gepshtein et al. Correction for Gepshtein et al., Sensory adaptation as optimal resource allocation. PNAS, March 20, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304728110
- S. Gepshtein, L. A. Lesmes, T. D. Albright. Sensory adaptation as optimal resource allocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; 110 (11): 4368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204109110
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/WHEgepJx_MY/130411075347.htm
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Hefty price paid for DNA letter at auction
A bidder paid over $6 million at an auction today (April 10) for a letter British scientist Francis Crick wrote to his 12-year-old son explaining the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule, which he and James Watson had just discovered.
The winning bid was $5.3 million, with the final price tag for the "Secret of Life" letter coming in at $6,059,750, according to Christie's, which handled the sale.
The seven-page handwritten note, dated March 19, 1953, contains diagrams that outline the scientists' model for how "des-oxy-ribose-nucleic-acid (read it carefully)" replicates and encodes instructions for the development and function of living things.
"In other words we think we have found the basic copying mechanism by which life comes from life," Crick wrote to his son, Michael, who was at boarding school at the time, signing off, "lots of love, Daddy." [See Images of Crick's 'Secret of Life' Letter]
As legend has it, when Watson and Crick made their discovery on Feb. 28, 1953, Crick announced inside a local Cambridge pub called the Eagle, "We have discovered the secret of life." Their findings wouldn't be published in the journal Nature until two months later, and the note to Michael is likely one of the first written explanations of the discovery.
"As far as we know this is the first public description of these ideas that have become the keystone of molecular biology and which have spawned a whole new industry and generations of follow on discovery," Michael Crick wrote in Christie's catalogue.
The auction was handled by Christie's, which had valued the letter at $1-2 million dollars, comparing it to a letter Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning about the potential of nuclear weapons. Christie's sold that letter in 2002 for just over $2 million.?
According to Christie's, Crick's family plans to give half of the proceeds from the sale of the DNA letter to the Salk Institute in California, where the scientist, who died in 2004, studied consciousness later in his career.
One of Crick's notebooks, (valued between $4,000 and $6,000) snagged a $17,000 bid. And a drawing of Crick made by his wife, Odile Crick, an artist who drew the double helix for her husband and Watson, was auctioned off for $14,000 today. (Christie's had estimated it would sell for $8,000-$12,000).
Those three items were among the Crick-related mementos on sale this week in New York. Tomorrow (April 11), Heritage Auctions will sell the Nobel medal, struck in 23-carat gold, that Crick received for the discovery in 1962, alongside Watson and Maurice Wilkins.
Heritage Auctions has valued the medal and accompanying diploma at $500,000. As of Wednesday afternoon, the standing bid on the items was $280,000. Thursday's sale will also include Crick's award check with his endorsement on the back, the scientist's lab coat, his gardening logs, nautical journals and books.
Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on LiveScience.com.
Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Source: http://news.yahoo.com/whoa-bidder-pays-6-million-crick-dna-letter-184006587.html
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How a Single Android Phone Can Hack an Entire Plane
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Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Burglars steal Vudu account IDs, passwords - Technology on ...
Streaming video provider Vudu announced that a break-in March 24 resulted in the theft of hard drives containing customer information, including names, email addresses, postal addresses, phone numbers, account activity, dates of birth and the last four digits of some credit card numbers.
According to Vudu, full credit card numbers were not stolen and that user passwords were encrypted. However, Vudu provided no details on the type of encryption used and whether it could be easily broken.
A statement from Vudu was not encouraging, "We believe it would be difficult to break the password encryption, but we can't rule out that possibility given the circumstances of this theft."
Therefore, all Vudu users should immediately change their passwords on any other sites on that use the same password as your Vudu account. Also, because emails addresses and other personal information were stolen, Vudu customers should be extremely cautious of phishing emails requesting passwords or other personal or financial information.
To help assist with future problems related to the data theft, Vudu ? which was bought by Walmart in 2010 ? has arranged for all customers to receive one year of identity protection services from AllClearID. Enrollment is not required. AllClear services can be accessed, if needed, from your Account Information page on the Vudu site.
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Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/burglars-steal-vudu-account-ids-passwords-1C9286083
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Nevada jury awards $500M in hepatitis case
LAS VEGAS (AP) ? A Nevada jury has ordered the state's largest health management organization to pay $500 million in punitive damages to three plaintiffs in a civil lawsuit stemming from a Las Vegas hepatitis outbreak.
The decision on Tuesday comes after a jury last week found the companies liable for $24 million in compensatory damages.
Plaintiffs' attorneys had asked Health Plan of Nevada and Sierra Health Services to pay almost $2.5 billion in the negligence lawsuit, saying it would warn health corporations against putting profits ahead of patient safety.
They argued the HMO knew a doctor operating an outpatient endoscopy clinic was dangerous but sent patients there anyway.
Attorneys for the two companies argued that a large punitive award would be unreasonable.
THIS IS A BREAKING NEWS UPDATE. Check back soon for further information. AP's earlier story is below.
With billions of dollars on the line, a Nevada jury was deliberating Tuesday whether the state's largest health management organization should pay punitive damages in a negligence lawsuit stemming from a Las Vegas hepatitis outbreak called the largest in U.S. history.
The Clark County District Court jury began deliberating the morning after plaintiffs' lawyer Robert Eglet asked them on Monday to order Health Plan of Nevada and Sierra Health Services to pay almost $2.5 billion in punitive damages in the civil lawsuit.
Eglet said the large amount was needed to send a message that corporations shouldn't put profits ahead of patient safety.
Attorney D. Lee Roberts Jr., representing the two companies, argued that such a large award would be unreasonable, disproportionate and ruinous.
Roberts said the jury of five women and three men already sent a message last week, when it found the companies liable for $24 million in compensatory damages to plaintiffs Helen Meyer and Bonnie and Carl Brunson.
Health Plan of Nevada and parent company Sierra Health Services ? subsidiaries of publicly traded UnitedHealth Group Inc. ? have already promised to appeal.
Legal experts couldn't predict Tuesday how long the jury would deliberate or whether it would agree to Eglet's stunning request for punitive damages of more than 1,000 times the compensatory amount awarded last week.
But they said any amount greater than $240 million ran the risk of being slashed.
"Even if the jury were to bless this outrageous request, it's likely the trial judge will reduce it significantly," said Darren McKinney, spokesman for the American Tort Reform Association in Washington, D.C. "And if the trial judge fails to do that, surely the state Supreme Court, in light of previous U.S. Supreme Court rulings, will reduce it."
John Kircher, a Marquette University law professor and author of the 2012 book, "Punitive Damages, Law and Practice," said the high court has essentially capped punitive damages at less than 10 percent of a compensatory damage award.
"It's not automatic," Kircher said. "But the U.S. Supreme Court has said it sees due process problems if the punitive award exceeds compensatory damages by more than a double-digit percentage."
Eglet said he calculated 15 percent of company profits to arrive at punitive damage figures of a little more than $1.9 billion from Health Plan of Nevada and about $590 million from Sierra Health Services.
The plaintiffs' lawyer argued that Health Plan of Nevada treated patients with the legal term "bad faith" when it hired outpatient clinic owner Dr. Dipak Desai to a low-bid contract even though company administrators were warned in advance that Desai was speeding through procedures and pinching pennies so much that patients were at risk of contracting blood-borne diseases.
Roberts argued that Desai was responsible for the hepatitis outbreak, not the companies.
Defense attorneys also argued that they were blocked from showing the jury during the six-week trial that company executives didn't know Desai employed unsafe endoscopy practices while boasting that he performed the fastest colonoscopies in the country.
After the hepatitis outbreak became public in early 2008, the Southern Nevada Health District in Las Vegas notified more than 50,000 people that they were at risk for blood-borne diseases including AIDS and should be tested.
Investigators traced hepatitis C infections of nine people to procedures conducted in 2007 at Desai endoscopy clinics. Health officials said that although hepatitis C was found in another 105 Desai patients, the cases weren't conclusively linked to procedures at his clinics.
Desai, once a powerful member of the state Board of Medical Examiners, wasn't named in the civil lawsuit involving Meyer and the Brunsons.
He has denied wrongdoing, declared bankruptcy and surrendered his medical license, but faces trial in state court later this month and federal court next month on separate criminal charges stemming from the outbreak.
Desai's lawyers have fought for years to prove that he is so incapacitated by strokes and other physical ailments that he is unfit for trial.
_____
Find Ken Ritter on Twitter: http://twitter.com/krttr
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'Evil Dead' revival possesses fans with $25.8M
This film image released by Sony-TriStar Pictures shows a scene from "Evil Dead." (AP Photo/Sony-TriStar Pictures)
This film image released by Sony-TriStar Pictures shows a scene from "Evil Dead." (AP Photo/Sony-TriStar Pictures)
LOS ANGELES (AP) ? The horror remake "Evil Dead" has opened as the top draw at theaters with a first weekend of $25.8 million.
The top 20 movies at U.S. and Canadian theaters Friday through Sunday, followed by distribution studio, gross, number of theater locations, average receipts per location, total gross and number of weeks in release, as compiled Monday by Hollywood.com are:
1. "Evil Dead," Sony, $25,775,847, 3,025 locations, $8,521 average, $25,775,847, one week.
2. "G.I. Joe: Retaliation," Paramount, $20,875,389, 3,734 locations, $5,591 average, $86,438,449, two weeks.
3. "The Croods," Fox, $20,651,694, 3,879 locations, $5,324 average, $125,351,896, three weeks.
4. "Jurassic Park," Universal, $18,620,145, 2,771 locations, $6,720 average, $18,620,145, one week.
5. "Olympus Has Fallen," FilmDistrict, $10,163,132, 3,059 locations, $3,322 average, $71,236,633, three weeks.
6. "Tyler Perry's Temptation," Lionsgate, $10,085,805, 2,047 locations, $4,927 average, $38,469,146, two weeks.
7. "Oz the Great and Powerful," Disney, $8,010,234, 2,905 locations, $2,757 average, $212,606,952, five weeks.
8. "The Host," Open Road Films, $5,198,615, 3,202 locations, $1,624 average, $19,624,328, two weeks.
9. "The Call," Sony, $3,500,248, 2,002 locations, $1,748 average, $45,481,341, four weeks.
10. "Admission," Focus, $1,946,048, 1,407 locations, $1,383 average, $15,265,596, three weeks.
11. "Spring Breakers," A24, $1,172,022, 1,072 locations, $1,093 average, $12,616,764, four weeks.
12. "Identity Thief," Universal, $796,705, 721 locations, $1,105 average, $131,232,335, nine weeks.
13. "The Place Beyond the Pines," Focus, $703,379, 30 locations, $23,446 average, $1,089,409, two weeks.
14. "Silver Linings Playbook," Weinstein Co., $603,470, 524 locations, $1,152 average, $129,725,117, 21 weeks.
15. "Jack the Giant Slayer," Warner Bros., $522,349, 502 locations, $1,041 average, $62,469,830, six weeks.
16. "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone," Warner Bros., $480,929, 535 locations, $899 average, $21,807,501, four weeks.
17. "Quartet," Weinstein Co., $366,786, 252 locations, $1,456 average, $17,200,546, 13 weeks.
18. "Life of Pi," Fox, $354,962, 269 locations, $1,320 average, $123,920,583, 20 weeks.
19. "The Sapphires," Weinstein Co., $292,030, 60 locations, $4,867 average, $443,982, three weeks.
20. "Safe Haven," Relativity Media, $273,674, 360 locations, $760 average, $70,327,952, eight weeks.
___
Online:
http://www.hollywood.com
___
Universal and Focus are owned by NBC Universal, a unit of Comcast Corp.; Sony, Columbia, Sony Screen Gems and Sony Pictures Classics are units of Sony Corp.; Paramount is owned by Viacom Inc.; Disney, Pixar and Marvel are owned by The Walt Disney Co.; Miramax is owned by Filmyard Holdings LLC; 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight are owned by News Corp.; Warner Bros. and New Line are units of Time Warner Inc.; MGM is owned by a group of former creditors including Highland Capital, Anchorage Advisors and Carl Icahn; Lionsgate is owned by Lions Gate Entertainment Corp.; IFC is owned by AMC Networks Inc.; Rogue is owned by Relativity Media LLC.
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Twitter Pushes Android App Update To Fix The ?Me? Tab Bug
Over the weekend, we told you about an issue with Twitter’s Android update from last Wednesday. The issue centered around the “Me” tab not loading properly, just giving you a spinning wheel on a white screen. Users took to Twitter to complain about the bug, saying that they couldn’t access important features on the screen, like reading DMs and switching accounts. You could search for yourself and tap on your avatar to find your way to your profile, but that was a hack more than anything else. Most users just thought they had a bad connection and waited for the screen to load…forever. Today, the company released an update to the app that fixes the bug: v4.0.1 - Fixes “Me” tab loading issues - Improved UI on Honeycomb devices I’ve confirmed with multiple people who were having the problem that this update does indeed fix the issue, and the “Me” tab is now loading quickly. It didn’t seem to affect every Android device, but the folks it did affect have been pretty loud about it since last Wednesday. Here’s a tweet from just a few hours ago: Consider the bug squashed. Twitter has been working on unifying the experience for the service on all platforms, including native apps. The main reason for pushing out updates to the mobile versions were to incorporate the new Twitter Cards that were announced last week. This was just a bump in the road for an otherwise beautifully redesigned app that now lets you cycle through your four tabs with a gesture. Now all four tabs work. [Photo credit: Flickr]Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/Qtqbw6qVLps/
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Morphing 'fabric' shifts shape to repel or grip water
Sandrine Ceurstemont, editor, New Scientist TV
A new super-slippery material is no one-trick pony. Not only capable of repelling just about any liquid, it can just as easily make a sliding drop stop in its tracks. For an encore, it can change colour.
Developed by Xi Yao from Harvard University and colleagues, the adaptive material morphs when deformed thanks to its two-layer structure. An elastic sheet is covered with a liquid film: when stretched, the pores of the underlying material get larger, causing the surface to roughen as the coating changes shape. Pulling the sheet immobilises a sliding drop while also affecting the material's transparency, making it more opaque (see video above).
According to Yao, the dynamic nature of the material makes it more versatile than similar ones that can only be switched from one state to another. The "fabric" could be used to create surfaces that would clean themselves when triggered to flatten, or tents that repel water on rainy days while becoming transparent in the sun. In addition to having tunable wettability and colour, the material could also respond to a variety of other factors, such as temperature, light, chemical signals or magnetic and electric fields.
The system takes inspiration from the way tears in our eyes combine to form a multi-functional film that remains transparent while keeping our eyes moist and clearing out intruding particles.
The material evolved from a previous super-slippery material developed by the team. That rigid surface, which copies the slickness of a carnivorous plant, proved to be even more water-repellent than the leaf that inspired it.
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Tuesday, April 9, 2013
Blackmagic announces Production Camera 4K, $995 Pocket Cinema Camera with MFT mount (hands-on)
A sub-$1,000 price tag makes any product a relative steal on the floor of NAB -- impressive specs and industry standard compatibility are just icing on the cake. If such figures are any indication, however, Blackmagic's new Pocket Cinema Camera, which leaked earlier today and ships in July, is potentially a very solid buy at $995, with a Super-16 Cinema 1080HD sensor with 13 stops of dynamic range, CinemaDNG RAW recording, SD card storage, Micro HDMI monitoring and a Micro Four Thirds lens mount. We got an early look at the shooter on the showroom floor, and the compact size is truly striking -- the body is comparable in size to any other mirrorless camera, though it definitely pushes the limits of what we'd consider pocketable. The design is very similar to Blackmagic's larger Cinema Camera launched at last year's NAB, with the same Micro Four Thirds lens mount. There's a very sharp built-in matte LCD for viewing footage and adjusting settings, and the build is quite solid -- it's significantly heavier than you'd expect.
Naturally, the camera isn't as capable as Blackmagic's pricier NAB model, the Production Camera 4K, which also made its debut today and ships in July. With that flavor, $3,995 buys you a Super 35 sensor with native Ultra HD and 4K support, a built-in SSD recorder, compressed CinemaDNG RAW and compatibility with EF lenses. We spent a few minutes with that model as well, and were equally impressed. The screen was very bright, sharp and not at all reflective, and the camera includes your standard array of inputs and outputs, including dual mic jacks, an SDI port, power and control. Both models are very competitively priced, as you might expect from Blackmagic, and with this wide range of appeal, there's now a little something for everyone. Be sure to head past the break to check out our hands-on video as we take a closer look at both models.
Filed under: Cameras
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/qdDMlMus8HQ/
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Obama says he's 'determined as ever' for gun bill
President Barack Obama looks at Nicole Hocklys and her husband Ian, right, after she introduced him at the University of Hartford in Hartford, Conn., Monday, April 8, 2013. The Hockley's lost a child in the school shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtoen, Conn. Obama said that lawmakers have an obligation to the children killed and other victims of gun violence to act on his proposals. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
President Barack Obama looks at Nicole Hocklys and her husband Ian, right, after she introduced him at the University of Hartford in Hartford, Conn., Monday, April 8, 2013. The Hockley's lost a child in the school shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtoen, Conn. Obama said that lawmakers have an obligation to the children killed and other victims of gun violence to act on his proposals. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
President Barack Obama hugs Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy, accompanied by Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., left, after Obama arrived at Bradley Air Force Base, Conn., Monday, April 8, 2013. Obama is traveling to the Hartford, Conn., to speak at the University of Hartford, near the state capitol where last week the governor signed into law some of the nation's strictest gun control laws with the Sandy Hook families standing behind him. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
President Barack Obama, followed by, from second from left, Rep. Rosa DeLauro, D-Conn., Rep. John Larson, D-Conn., and Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn., walks down the steps of Air Force One at Bradley Air Force Base, Conn., Monday, April 8, 2013. Obama traveled to the Hartford, Conn., to speak at the University of Hartford, near the state capitol where last week the governor signed into law some of the nation's strictest gun control laws with the Sandy Hook families standing behind him. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) ? With time running out on the chance to pass gun control legislation, President Barack Obama on Monday warned Congress not to use delaying tactics against tighter regulations and told families of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting victims that he's "determined as ever" to honor their children with tougher laws.
Obama's gun control proposals have run into resistance on Capitol Hill, leaving their fate in doubt. Efforts by Senate Democrats to reach compromise with Republicans over expanding required federal background checks have yet to yield an agreement, and conservatives were promising to try blocking the Senate from even beginning debate on gun control legislation.
"The day Newtown happened was the toughest day of my presidency," Obama said in an emotional speech from Connecticut's capital, an hour's drive from Newtown. "But I've got to tell you, if we don't respond to this, that'll be a tough day for me too."
Some of the Sandy Hook families are making an attempt to push through the bill. Obama met with them privately before his speech at the University of Hartford Monday evening, then brought 12 family members back to Air Force One for the trip back to Washington. The relatives want to meet with senators who've yet to back the legislation to encourage their support in memory of their loved ones.
"Nothing's going to be more important in making sure that the Congress moves forward this week than hearing from them," Obama said. His eyes teared as he described Nicole Hockley, who lost her 6-year-old son, Dylan, saying how she asks him every night to come to her in her dreams so she can see him again.
"If there's even one thing we can do to prevent a father from having to bury his child, isn't that worth fighting for?" Obama asked.
Obama's speech was interrupted repeatedly by standing ovations from the packed gymnasium. At one point, the room erupted with chants of "We want a vote!" Audience members, many wearing green ribbons in support of the victims, were stomping their feet on the bleachers and clapping their hands in unison with the chant.
"This is not about me. This is not about politics. This is about doing the right thing for all the families who are here who have been torn apart by gun violence," Obama said, his voice rising with emotion as he shook his finger in the air.
Obama argued that lawmakers have an obligation to the children killed and other victims of gun violence to allow an up-or-down vote in the Senate. That would require 50 votes to pass, rather than a procedural maneuver some Republican senators are threatening to require 60 votes, potentially sinking the legislation.
"Some back in Washington are already floating the idea that they may use political stunts to prevent votes on any of these reforms. Think about that. They're not just saying they'll vote no on ideas that almost all Americans support. They're saying they'll do everything they can to even prevent any votes on these provisions. They're saying your opinion doesn't matter. And that's not right.
Obama rode to the speech with Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy, who signed sweeping gun control legislation into law Thursday with the Sandy Hook families standing behind him. But legislation in Washington faces a tougher challenge, as the nation's memories of the shooting fade with time and the National Rifle Association wages a formidable campaign against Obama's proposals.
Majority Leader Harry Reid brought gun control legislation to the Senate floor on Monday, though actual debate did not begin. He took the step after receiving a letter from 13 conservative Republican senators including Sen. Mike Lee, R-Utah, saying they would use delaying tactics to try preventing lawmakers from beginning to consider the measure. Such a move takes 60 votes to overcome, a difficult hurdle in the 100-member chamber.
The conservatives said the Democratic measure would violate the Second Amendment right to bear arms, citing "history's lesson that government cannot be in all places at all times, and history's warning about the oppression of a government that tries."
Further underscoring the tough road ahead for the Obama-backed legislation, a spokesman for Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said Monday that the Kentucky Republican would join the filibuster if Reid tries to bring the measure to the floor.
Obama said the vote shouldn't be about his legacy, but about the families in Newtown who haven't moved on to other matters.
"Newtown, we want you to know that we're here with you," Obama said. "We will not walk away from the promises we've made. We are as determined as ever to do what must be done. In fact, I'm here to ask you to help me show that we can get it done. We're not forgetting."
A group of Sandy Hook families originally planned to travel to Washington earlier on Monday, but the White House offered to give the families a ride so they could also attend Obama's speech before their lobbying push. The White House lit up the steps of Air Force One with flood lights so photographers and television cameras could capture the image of Obama climbing the plane's steps with the families at dusk.
Nelba Marquez-Greene, whose 6-year-old daughter Ana was among the victims at Sandy Hook, held up a sign that said "Love Wins" as she walked toward the steps of Air Force One.
The families' lobbying trip was organized by Sandy Hook Promise, a nonprofit started by community members in the wake of the shooting. "The group is encouraging senators to come together around legislative proposals that will both save lives and respect the Second Amendment rights of law-abiding Americans," the group said in a statement.
With time running out on negotiations, the White House is making an all-hands-on-deck push this week. Vice President Joe Biden and Attorney General Eric Holder planned to promote their plan at the White House on Tuesday with law enforcement officials. First lady Michelle Obama planned to wade into the debate Wednesday with a speech on youth violence in her hometown of Chicago. And on Thursday, Biden was taking part in a discussion on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" with people who have different views on gun control.
Organizing for Action, the grassroots group being formed out of Obama's re-election campaign to support his agenda, said it was launching online ads Monday asking the public to urge their senators to support background checks. The ads will target 11 senators ? all Republicans ? through Facebook and search engines. An OFA spokesman said the group was not disclosing the cost of the ad campaign.
Gun control is divisive in Newtown, Conn., as in the rest of the country. Not all Sandy Hook families support gun control, and even those involved with the lobbying push organized by Sandy Hook Promise are not backing the assault weapons ban. But those families are asking lawmakers to expand background checks, increase penalties for gun trafficking and limit the size of magazines.
___
Follow Nedra Pickler on Twitter: https://twitter.com/nedrapickler
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Cry me a river of possibility: Scientists design new adaptive material inspired by tears
Cry me a river of possibility: Scientists design new adaptive material inspired by tears
Monday, April 8, 2013Imagine a tent that blocks light on a dry and sunny day, and becomes transparent and water-repellent on a dim, rainy day. Or highly precise, self-adjusting contact lenses that also clean themselves. Or pipelines that can optimize the rate of flow depending on the volume of fluid coming through them and the environmental conditions outside.
A team of researchers at the Wyss Institute at Harvard University and Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) just moved these enticing notions much closer to reality by designing a new kind of adaptive material with tunable transparency and wettability features, as reported yesterday in the online version of Nature Materials.
"The beauty of this system is that it's adaptive and multifunctional," said senior author Joanna Aizenberg, Ph.D., a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute and the Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Materials Science at SEAS.
The new material was inspired by dynamic, self-restoring systems in Nature, such as the liquid film that coats your eyes. Individual tears join up to form a dynamic liquid film with an obviously significant optical function that maintains clarity, while keeping the eye moist, protecting it against dust and bacteria, and helping to transport away any wastes ? doing all of this and more in literally the blink of an eye.
The bioinspired material is a continuous liquid film that coats, and is infused in, an elastic porous substrate ? which is what makes it so versatile. It is based on a core concept: any deformation of the substrate ? such as stretching, poking, or swelling - changes the size of the pores, which causes the liquid surface to change its shape.
With this design architecture in place, the team has thus far demonstrated the ability to dynamically control ? with great precision ? two key functions: transparency and wettability, said Xi Yao, Ph.D, Wyss Institute and SEAS postdoctoral fellow, and lead author of the study.
Sitting at rest, the material is smooth, clear and flat; droplets of water or oil on its surface flow freely off of the material. Stretching the material makes the fluid surface rougher, Yao explained. The rough surface makes it opaque for one thing, and enables one to do something never possible before: It offers the ability to make every droplet of oil or water that is placed on it reversibly start and stop in their tracks. This capability is far superior to the "switchable wettability" of other adaptive materials that exist today, Yao said, which simply switch between two states ? from hydrophobic (water-hating) to hydrophilic (water-loving).
"In addition to transparency and wettability, we can fine-tune basically anything that would respond to a change in surface topography, such as adhesive or anti-fouling behavior," Yao said. They can also design the porous elastic solid such that it responds dynamically to temperature, light, magnetic or electric fields, chemical signals, pressure, or other environmental conditions, he said.The material is a next generation of a materials platform that Aizenberg pioneered a few years ago called SLIPS. SLIPS stands for Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces, and is a coating that repels just about anything with which it comes into contact ? from oil to water and blood.
But whereas SLIPS is a liquid-infused rigid porous surface, "the new material is a liquid-infused elastic porous surface, which is what allows for the fine control over so many adaptive responses above and beyond its ability to repel a wide range of substances. A whole range of surface properties can now be tuned, or switched on and off on demand, through stimulus-induced deformation of the elastic material," Aizenberg said.
"This sophisticated new class of adaptive materials being designed by the Institute's Adaptive Materials Technologies platform led by Joanna Aizenberg have the potential to be game-changers in everything from oil and gas pipelines, to microfluidic and optical systems, building design and construction, textiles, and more," said Wyss Founding Director Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D.
###
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard: http://wyss.harvard.edu/
Thanks to Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard for this article.
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A warming world will further intensify extreme precipitation events, research shows
Apr. 8, 2013 ? According to a newly-published NOAA-led study in Geophysical Research Letters, as the globe warms from rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, more moisture in a warmer atmosphere will make the most extreme precipitation events more intense.
The study, conducted by a team of researchers from the North Carolina State University's Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-North Carolina (CICS-NC), NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the Desert Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and ERT, Inc., reports that the extra moisture due to a warmer atmosphere dominates all other factors and leads to notable increases in the most intense precipitation rates.
The study also shows a 20-30 percent expected increase in the maximum precipitation possible over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere by the end of the 21st century if greenhouse gases continue to rise at a high emissions rate.
"We have high confidence that the most extreme rainfalls will become even more intense, as it is virtually certain that the atmosphere will provide more water to fuel these events," said Kenneth Kunkel, Ph.D., senior research professor at CICS-NC and lead author of the paper.
The paper looked at three factors that go into the maximum precipitation value possible in any given location: moisture in the atmosphere, upward motion of air in the atmosphere, and horizontal winds. The team examined climate model data to understand how a continued course of high greenhouse gas emissions would influence the potential maximum precipitation. While greenhouse gas increases did not substantially change the maximum upward motion of the atmosphere or horizontal winds, the models did show a 20-30 percent increase in maximum moisture in the atmosphere, which led to a corresponding increase in the maximum precipitation value.
The findings of this report could inform "design values," or precipitation amounts, used by water resource managers, insurance and building sectors in modeling the risk due to catastrophic precipitation amounts. Engineers use design values to determine the design of water impoundments and runoff control structures, such as dams, culverts, and detention ponds.
"Our next challenge is to translate this research into local and regional new design values that can be used for identifying risks and mitigating potential disasters. Findings of this study, and others like it, could lead to new information for engineers and developers that will save lives and major infrastructure investments," said Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., director of NOAA's NCDC in Asheville, N.C., and co-author on the paper.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Journal Reference:
- Kenneth E. Kunkel, Thomas R. Karl, David R. Easterling, Kelly Redmond, John Young, Xungang Yin, Paula Hennon. Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/grl.50334
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Distraught father sobs on 911 after kids buried in collapse
STANLEY, N.C. (AP) ? A North Carolina man tearfully begged authorities to hurry to his house to rescue his daughter and her cousin, who were buried when the walls of a 24-foot deep pit he dug on his property collapsed.
Jordan Arwood, 31, was operating a backhoe Sunday night in the pit when the walls collapsed and he called 911.
Arwood's desperate voice is heard on a recording released by the Lincoln County communications center on Monday, when the children's bodies were recovered.
"Please hurry ... My children are buried under tons of dirt ... They're buried under tons of clay ... It fell on top of them," he said sobbing.
When the dispatcher asked him if he could see the children, Arwood said he couldn't.
"The entire wall collapsed on them. Get a crane. Get a bulldozer. Get anything you can, please," he said. "There's no way they can breathe."
As the dispatcher began encouraging him ? and with people wailing in the background ? Arwood began praying.
"Lord lift this dirt up off these children ... so the children will be alive and well ... I have to get my kids. Lord, please," he said.
The bodies of the two young cousins, 6-year-old Chloe Jade Arwood and 7-year-old James Levi Caldwell, were dug out Monday.
Later on Monday, sheriff's deputies removed firearms and a marijuana plant from Arwood's mobile home. Arwood is a felon who is not allowed to have guns. He was convicted in 2003 for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell.
The father had been digging with a backhoe on the site Sunday, Sheriff David Carpenter said. Investigators described the pit as 20 feet by 20 feet with a sloped entrance leading down to the 24-foot bottom. The children were at the bottom of the pit retrieving a child-sized pickaxe when the walls fell in on them, Carpenter said.
The sheriff would not say what Arwood was building or whether he had any professional help. He did say that investigators would be looking into reports from neighbors that Arwood had been building some sort of protective bunker.
"It's a very large hole. It would look to be something like that, but I don't know. ... We're going to find out exactly what his intentions were," Carpenter said.
He said deputies would be speaking with county planning and zoning officials about any potential building code violations at the site.
Andrew Bryant, a planner with the Lincoln County Planning & Inspections Department, said no permits had been issued.
On the tape, Arwood said he didn't know what happened.
"They were inside the hole helping to get something and the wall collapsed," he said.
At one point, the dispatcher warned him not to put pressure on the dirt. But Arwood said he had to reach the children.
"If this was you and your children in the dirt, you'd be moving the dirt, too," he said.
Arwood's house was at the end of a gravel-covered road dotted with modular and mobile homes. It's a tight-knit rural community where neighbors sit outside on front porches and look out for each other.
When word spread about the disaster, they ran to Arwood's house and began helping. On Monday, they were somber, saying they were heartbroken for the family. They said Arwood told them it happened without warning and that he tried to grab the children, but they were just beyond his reach.
It was no secret that Arwood was digging a two-story deep hole. Neighbors said it wasn't unusual to see children in the pit when the girl's father was working there.
Neighbor Bradley Jones, who works in construction, said there was no structure to support the pit's tall dirt walls and that there was some concrete on a ledge on top of the hole.
In recent days, the hole was muddy from the rain. He said he warned his daughter, Chelsea, who babysits for the children, not to go in.
"It was dangerous. There was nothing to reinforce those walls," he said.
Chelsea said Arwood told her that he was building the structure to "protect his family" - it was going to be a bunker.
"It's so sad," she said.
___
Biesecker reported from Raleigh. Associated Press news researcher Monika Mathur in Washington contributed to this report.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/father-sobs-911-kids-buried-collapse-223923408.html
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Monday, April 8, 2013
Organic semi-conductors could revolutionize electronics
Apr. 8, 2013 ? Organic semi-conductors could revolutionise electronics in various areas. Nowadays, components put out such high performances that they are used in small devices like mobile phones. With larger devices, however, the organic components heat up in such an uncontrollable manner that they break down or conduct electricity in an irregular way. Physicists of the TU Dresden (Dresden University of Technology) and mathematicians of the WIAS have collaborated to analyse the typical feedback effects and they describe them for organic semi-conductors in the Physical Review Letters.
When mobile phone displays continued to become larger, at first you had to look directly at the front of the device in order to be able to see anything -- normal LEDs only emitted light in one direction. A modern Smartphone using a display with organic LEDs does not have that problem. Light is emitted in all directions, and everything can be seen even from a diagonal point of view. There are now even large-scale organic LEDs, allowing for entirely new forms of room lighting. But when the flow of electricity becomes too strong, sudden non-homogeneities appear in the intensity of light, the surface appears spotty. Another field of application is solar energy: With organic solar cells, foils can be produced that generate small amounts of electricity, e.g. to take with you as "energy to go."
In terms of organic components, the long-known Arrhenius law applies: Electric conductivity increases more strongly the higher the temperature gets, so the electricity going through the components increases as well, heating up the material. Thus a feedback loop is created, in which the components continue to be heated up even further -- experiments usually end with the component being blown. So far, these effects have only been known with non-organic semi-conductors. Components that react so strongly to temperatures that feedback can result are called thermistors. Thermistors are used especially in performance electronics. Today, organic semi-conductors can also reach self-heating levels.
The principle has actually been known for quite some time, but nobody ever noticed that is also applies to organic electronics. Dr Thomas Koprucki of the WIAS explains: "We noticed that organic semi-conductors should after all be predestined for electro-thermal feedback effects. Nobody saw this before. We were able to point our colleagues in Dresden in the right direction as to what to focus on for the measurements."
The experiments had already shown that the currents increase enormously during the self-heating process. But if the calculations were correct, there had to be a point at which the voltage would decrease despite the energy increase -- completely against all intuition. That would mean that there are two entirely different, stable levels of energy that overlap in a very small voltage area -- where they can tip over from one level to the other. Sent on the right track by these model predictions, the physicists at the TU Dresden were able to adapt their experiments in a way that they could actually measure that exact effect for organic semi-conductors.
In this case, the processes in the component were measured for the carbon compound C60 between two points. In order to detect the effect in its entirety, they had to not only show a decrease in the voltage, but also the switch between the two stable levels of energy strength. Based on the model calculation it was clear from the start that non-destructive proof could only be obtained if the component were cooled and protected by a pre-resistance. This allowed the physicists to actually record the bi-stability of the component. With the two switching voltages, the strength of the electric current switched by a factor of 10.
Axel Fischer from the Institute for Applied Photophysics (IAPP) at the TU Dresden explains: "We used the carbon compound C60 for our measurements because it is very stable in its temperature. Therefore we can see the Arrhenius law in its purest form. Aside from that, C60 layers can have strong currents even with low voltages so the typical thermistor effects can be proven in a rather simple way."
Using that broader understanding of self-heating in organic semi-conductors, researchers can now further develop organic components in a way that they can reduce the disruptive effects, e.g. by way of a geometric construction of the heat deflection and the electronic contacts. That way there can be large-surface illumination foils in the future that will be able to emit light in a very smooth and steady manner.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB), via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- A. Fischer, P. Pahner, B. L?ssem, K. Leo, R. Scholz, T. Koprucki, K. G?rtner, A. Glitzky. Self-Heating, Bistability, and Thermal Switching in Organic Semiconductors. Physical Review Letters, 2013; 110 (12) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.126601
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Immigrants rally in Boston in support of reform
About 800 immigrants and their supporters rallied at Faneuil Hall in Boston Saturday. Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Rep. Joseph Kennedy III spoke in favor of comprehensive reforms at the event.
Pedestrians wait to cross a New York street March 13. An historic decline in the number of U.S. whites and the fast growth of Latinos are blurring traditional black-white color lines in the US. The demographic shift is now a potent backdrop to an immigration overhaul bill, being debated in Congress, that could offer a path to citizenship for 11 million mostly Hispanic illegal immigrants.
Seth Wenig/AP
EnlargeHundreds of immigrants and their supporters rallied in Boston on Saturday to pressure Congress for a comprehensive overhaul of immigration laws that would include a path to citizenship for the 11 million foreign-born citizens living in the United States illegally.
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Organizers say about 800 immigrants, community activists, representatives of workers' groups and political leaders rallied at Faneuil Hall. They marched to the nearby John F. Kennedy federal building that houses US Immigration and Citizenship Services offices and the local immigration court.
The rally was one of the first events of the "Power Up for Citizenship" initiative that immigrant rights advocates are launching nationwide. In New England, a similar rally was scheduled for Nashua, N.H., on Saturday and in Providence, R.I., on Sunday.
The rally occurred as bipartisan immigration legislation is taking shape in the Senate. The debate has focused on securing the border, creating a path to citizenship for immigrants in the country illegally, designing a new?visa?program for low-skilled workers outside of agriculture, finding ways to keep businesses from employing people who are in the US illegally and improving the legal immigration system.
"Until we pass comprehensive reforms, we don't have a done deal here ? that's why we are having these rallies, to hold the feet of elected officials to the fire," said Jason Stephany, spokesman for MassUniting, a coalition of community groups, faith organizations and labor groups, which helped organize the rally. Other organizations behind the initiative include the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition and Service Employees International Union.
Massachusetts Democrats ? Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Rep. Joseph Kennedy III ? agreed. They addressed the crowd in Boston, with both delivering parts of their speech in Spanish.
"My Spanish may not be great, but it's coming from the heart," said Warren, who highlighted the fact that her son-in-law is among millions of immigrants who came to the US looking for a better life.
"I think it's far past time we have got to have commonsense, comprehensive immigration reform," Warren said. "We know what we need ? we need a path to citizenship, we need to support our dreamers, we need to fix the?visa?system and, most of all, we need to help families to stay together."
Kennedy stressed that the US is a nation of immigrants that needs to fix its immigration system.
"A broken system has, for far too long, undermined the basic fabric of our nation," he said. "Right now we have the moment, we have an opportunity to change it."
Immigrants play a key role in the Massachusetts economy, the largest in New England.
The state had the seventh-largest population of legal immigrants in the country, with about 320,000 people holding green cards given to legal permanent US residents in 2010. Some 180,000 immigrants were eligible for citizenship but had not applied for naturalization at that time, according to the US Department of Homeland Security.
A record 40.4 million immigrants live in the US, representing 13 percent of the population. More than 18 million are naturalized citizens, 11 million are legal permanent or temporary residents, and more than 11 million are in the country without legal permission, according to the Pew Hispanic Center, a private research organization.
Those in the US illegally made up about 3.7 percent of the US population in 2010. While overall immigration has steadily grown, the number of immigrants in the US illegally peaked at 12 million in 2007.
Rodrique Ngowi can be reached at?www.twitter.com/ngowi
Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/-Vj91BpDn8M/Immigrants-rally-in-Boston-in-support-of-reform
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